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Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose
of communication. In modern times, this process typically involves the sending
of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters, but in earlier years it may
have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphore. Today,
telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process, such as the
television, radio and telephone, are common in many parts of the world. There
are also many networks that connect these devices, including computer networks,
public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer
communication across the Internet is one of many examples of
telecommunication.Telecommunication systems are generally designed by
telecommunication engineers. Early inventors in the field include Alexander
Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. Telecommunication is an important
part of the world economy with the telecommunication industry's revenue being
placed at just under 3% of the gross world product.
Telecommunication is an important part of modern society. In 2006, estimates
placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion or just under
3% of the gross world product.On the microeconomic scale, companies have used
telecommunication to help build global empires, this is self-evident in the case
of online retailer Amazon.com but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the
conventional retailer Wal-Mart has benefited from better telecommunication
infrastructure than its competitors.[10] In cities throughout the world, home
owners use their telephones to organize many home services ranging from pizza
deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to
use telecommunication to their advantage.Due to the economic benefits of good
telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the digital
divide. This is because the world's population does not have equal access to
telecommunication systems. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile
subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have less than 1
fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access,
roughly half of all countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet
access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to
compile a Digital Access Index that measures the overall ability of citizens to
access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure,
countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Iceland receive the highest ranking while
African countries such as Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali receive the
lowest.Information theory,Two-way radio,Telegraph and telephone,Radio and
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