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Politics
Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. David Easton
describes politics as "the authoritative allocation of values for a society".
Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics
is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and
religious institutions.Politics consists of "social relations involving
authority or power" and refers to the regulation of a political unit, and to the
methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy.Political science (also
political studies) is the study of political behavior and examines the
acquisition and application of power. Related areas of study include political
philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public
behavior, and public administration, which examines the practices of
governance.A government is the body that has the authority to make and power to
enforce laws, rules, and policies. Governments exist in all institutions that
have laws, rules, or politics.In more recent times, the distinction between
forms of government has become more complex; in a constitutional monarchy, for
instance, there is a monarch as head of state, but actual power is typically
held by a parliament or legislative assembly of some description. A republic is
the term usually used to describe nations without a monarchy.
Karl Marx was among the most influential political philosophers of history. His
theories, collectively termed Marxism, were critical of capitalism and argued
that in the due course of history, there would be an "inevitable breakdown of
capitalism for economic reasons, to be replaced by communism. Aristotle In his
book Politics, the Greek philosopher Aristotle(384–322BC) asserted that man is,
by nature, a political animal. He argued that ethics and politics are closely
linked, and that a truly ethical life can only be lived by someone who
participates in politics. Plato The Greek philosopher Plato(428-328 BC), in his
book The Republic, argued that all conventional political systems (democracy,
monarchy, oligarchy and timarchy) were inherently corrupt, and that the state
ought to be governed by an elite class of educated philosopher-rulers, who would
be trained from birth and selected on the basis of aptitude. ConfuciusThe
Chinese philosopher Confucius(551-471 BCE) was one of the first thinkers to
adopt a distinct approach to political philosophy. His philosophy was "rooted in
his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline, should govern his subjects
by his own example, and should treat them with love and concern.
Most political analysts and politicians divide politics into left wing and right
wing politics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of
policy between the right and left. This classification is comparatively recent
(it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes, for instance), and dates from the
French Revolution era, when those members of the National Assembly who opposed
the monarchy sat on the left, while those who supported it sat on the right.
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